Method and composition for enhanced hydrocarbons recovery

ABSTRACT

A method of treating a hydrocarbon containing formation is described. The method may include providing a hydrocarbon recovery composition to the hydrocarbon containing formation. Hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon containing formation may interact with the hydrocarbon recovery composition. The hydrocarbon recovery composition may include an aliphatic anionic surfactant and an aliphatic nonionic additive. In some embodiments, an aliphatic anionic surfactant may be branched. In other embodiments, an aliphatic nonionic additive may be branched.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention generally relates to methods for recovery ofhydrocarbons from hydrocarbon formations. More particularly, embodimentsdescribed herein relate to methods of enhanced hydrocarbons recovery andto compositions useful therein

2. Description of Related Art

Hydrocarbons may be recovered from hydrocarbon containing formations bypenetrating the formation with one or more wells. Hydrocarbons may flowto the surface through the wells. Conditions (e.g., permeability,hydrocarbon concentration, porosity, temperature, pressure) of thehydrocarbon containing formation may affect the economic viability ofhydrocarbon production from the hydrocarbon containing formation. Ahydrocarbon containing formation may have natural energy (e.g., gas,water) to aid in mobilizing hydrocarbons to the surface of thehydrocarbon containing formation. Natural energy may be in the form ofwater. Water may exert pressure to mobilize hydrocarbons to one or moreproduction wells. Gas may be present in the hydrocarbon containingformation at sufficient pressures to mobilize hydrocarbons to one ormore production wells. The natural energy source may become depletedover time. Supplemental recovery processes may be used to continuerecovery of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon containing formation.Examples of supplemental processes include waterflooding, polymerflooding, alkali flooding, thermal processes, solution flooding orcombinations thereof.

Compositions and methods for enhanced hydrocarbons recovery aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,943,160 to Farmer et alt, entitled“Heat-Stable Calcium-Compatible Waterflood Surfactant;” U.S. Pat. No.3,946,812 to Gale et al., entitled “Use Of Materials As WaterfloodAdditives;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,077,471 to Shupe et al., entitled“Surfactant Oil Recovery Process Usable In High Temperature, HighSalinity Formations;” U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,079 to Newcombe, entitled“Emulsion Breaking With Surfactant Recovery;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,709 toWuest et al., entitled “Process for the Production of SurfactantMixtures Based On Ether Sulfonated And Their Use;” U.S. Pat. No.5,723,423 to Van Slyke, entitled “Solvent Soaps and Methods EmployingSame;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,834 to Hsu et al., entitled “AlkalineSurfactant Polymer Flooding Composition and Process;” U.S. Pat. No.6,269,881 to Chou et al., entitled “Oil Recovery Method For Waxy CrudeOil Using Alkylaryl Sulfonate Surfactants Derived From Alpha-Olefins andthe Alpha-Qlefin Compositions” and by Wellington, et al. in “LowSurfactant Concentration Enhanced Waterflooding,” Society of PetroleumEngineers, 1995; all of which are incorporated by reference herein.

SUMMARY

In an embodiment, hydrocarbons may be produced from a hydrocarboncontaining formation by a method that includes treating at least aportion of the hydrocarbon containing formation with a hydrocarbonrecovery composition. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of thehydrocarbon containing formation may be oil wet. In some embodiments, atleast a portion of the hydrocarbon formation may include low salinitywater. In other embodiments, at least a portion of the hydrocarboncontaining formation may exhibit an average temperature of less thanabout 50° C. Fluids, substances or combinations thereof may be added toat least a portion of the hydrocarbon containing formation to aid inmobilizing hydrocarbons to one or more production wells in certainembodiments.

In one embodiment, a hydrocarbon recovery composition may include analiphatic nonionic additive and an aliphatic anionic surfactant. Incertain embodiments, the aliphatic anionic surfactant may be a sulfuricacid salt. In other embodiments, the aliphatic anionic surfactant may bea phosphoric acid salt. In some embodiments, the aliphatic nonionicadditive may be a long chain aliphatic alcohol. The aliphatic nonionicadditive and/or the aliphatic anionic surfactant may have branchedstructures.

The aliphatic group of the aliphatic anionic surfactant may have anaverage carbon number from 10 to 24. As used herein, the phrase “carbonnumber” refers to the total number of carbons in a molecule. In certainembodiments, an average carbon number of an aliphatic group of thealiphatic anionic surfactant may range from 12 to 18. In otherembodiments, an average carbon number of the aliphatic anionicsurfactant may range from 16 to 17. The aliphatic group of the aliphaticanionic surfactant may be branched. The branched aliphatic group of thealiphatic anionic surfactant may include less than about 0.5 percentquaternary carbon atoms. An average number of branches per aliphaticgroup of the aliphatic anionic surfactant may range between about 0.7and about 2.5, in some embodiments. Branches on the aliphatic group ofthe aliphatic anionic surfactant may include, but are not limited to,methyl and/or ethyl branches.

The aliphatic group of the aliphatic nonionic additive may have anaverage carbon number from 10 to 24. In certain embodiments, an averagecarbon number of an aliphatic group of an aliphatic nonionic additivemay range from 12 to 18. In other embodiments, an average carbon numberof an aliphatic group of an aliphatic nonionic additive may range from16 to 17. The aliphatic group of the aliphatic nonionic additive may bebranched. The branched aliphatic group of the aliphatic nonionicadditive may include less than about 0.5 percent quaternary carbonatoms. An average number of branches per aliphatic group of thealiphatic nonionic additive may range between about 0.7 and about 2.5,in some embodiments. Branches on the aliphatic group of the aliphaticnonionic additive may include, but are not limited to, methyl and/orethyl branches.

In an embodiment, a hydrocarbon recovery composition may be made bycombining an aliphatic nonionic additive with an aliphatic anionicsurfactant. The aliphatic nonionic additive and/or the aliphatic anionicsurfactant may have branched structures. In some embodiments, analiphatic nonionic additive may be a long chain aliphatic alcohol. Inother embodiments, an aliphatic anionic surfactant may be a long chainaliphatic acid salt. In certain embodiments, a long chain aliphaticalcohol may be combined with a long chain acid salt at temperatures lessthan the decomposition temperature of the long chain acid salt. Anamount of long chain acid salt in the composition may be greater than 40weight percent based of the total weight of the composition. In someembodiments, an amount of long chain aliphatic alcohol may be less than60 weight percent of the total weight of the composition.

In an embodiment, a hydrocarbon containing composition may be producedfront a hydrocarbon containing formation. The hydrocarbon containingcomposition may include any combination of hydrocarbons, an aliphaticnonionic additive, an aliphatic anionic surfactant, methane, water,asphaltenes, carbon monoxide and ammonia. In certain embodiments, analiphatic nonionic additive may be a long chain aliphatic alcohol. Thealiphatic nonionic additive and/or the aliphatic anionic surfactant mayhave branched structures. In some embodiments, an aliphatic anionicsurfactant may be a long chain aliphatic acid salt.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Advantages of the present invention will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art with the benefit of the following detaileddescription of embodiment and upon reference to the accompanyingdrawings, in which:

FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of treating a hydrocarbon containingformation;

FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of treating a hydrocarbon containingformation;

FIG. 3 depicts a graphical representation of interfacial tension values;

FIG. 4 depicts a graphical representation of interfacial tension values;and

FIG. 5 depicts a graphical representation of embodiments of treating ahydrocarbon containing formation.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way ofexample in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. Itshould be understood that the drawing and detailed description theretoare not intended to limit the invention to the particular formdisclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover allmodifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spiritand scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Hydrocarbons may be produced from hydrocarbon formations through wellspenetrating a hydrocarbon containing formation. “Hydrocarbons” aregenerally defined as molecules formed primarily of carbon and hydrogenatoms. Hydrocarbons may also include other elements, such as, but notlimited to, halogens, metallic elements, nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur.Hydrocarbons derived from a hydrocarbon formation may include, but arenot limited to, kerogen, bitumen, pyrobitumen, asphaltenes, oils orcombinations thereof. Hydrocarbons may be located within or adjacent tomineral matrices within the earth. Matrices may include, but are notlimited to, sedimentary rock, sands, silicilytes, carbonates, diatomitesand other porous media.

A “formation” includes one or more hydrocarbon containing layers, one ormore non-hydrocarbon layers, an overburden and/or an underburden. An“overburden” and/or an “underburden” includes one or more differenttypes of impermeable materials. For example, overburden/underburden mayinclude rock, shale, mudstone, or wet/tight carbonate (i.e., animpermeable carbonate without hydrocarbons). For example, an underburdenmay contain shale or mudstone. In some cases, the overburden/underburdenmay be somewhat permeable. For example, an underburden may be composedof a permeable mineral such as sandstone or limestone. In someembodiments, at least a portion of a hydrocarbon containing formationmay exist at less than 1000 feet below the earth's surface.

Properties of a hydrocarbon containing formation may affect howhydrocarbons flow through an underburden/overburden to one or moreproduction wells. Properties include, but are not limited to, porosity,permeability, pore size distribution, surface area, salinity ortemperature of formation. Overburden/underburden properties incombination with hydrocarbon properties, such as, capillary pressure(static) characteristics and relative permeability (flow)characteristics may effect mobilization of hydrocarbons through thehydrocarbon containing formation.

Permeability of a hydrocarbon containing formation may vary depending onthe formation composition. A relatively permeable formation may includeheavy hydrocarbons entrained in, for example, sand or carbonate.“Relatively permeable,” as used herein, refers to formations or portionsthereof, that have an average permeability of 10 millidarcy or more.“Relatively low permeability” as used herein, refers to formations orportions thereof that have an average permeability of less than about 10millidarcy. One darcy is equal to about 0.99 square micrometers. Animpermeable portion of a formation generally has a permeability of lessthan about 0.1 millidarcy. In some cases, a portion or all of ahydrocarbon portion of a relatively permeable formation may includepredominantly heavy hydrocarbons and/or tar with no supporting mineralgrain framework and only floating (or no) mineral matter (e.g., asphaltlakes).

Fluids (e.g., gas, water, hydrocarbons or combinations thereof) ofdifferent densities may exist in a hydrocarbon containing formation. Amixture of fluids in the hydrocarbon containing formation may formlayers between an underburden and an overburden according to fluiddensity. Gas may form a top layer, hydrocarbons may form a middle layerand water may form a bottom layer in the hydrocarbon containingformation. The fluids may be present in the hydrocarbon containingformation in various amounts. Interactions between the fluids in theformation may create interfaces or boundaries between the fluids.Interfaces or boundaries between the fluids and the formation may becreated through interactions between the fluids and the formation.Typically, gases do not form boundaries with other fluids in ahydrocarbon containing formation. In an embodiment, a first boundary mayform between a water layer and underburden. A second boundary may formbetween a water layer and a hydrocarbon layer. A third boundary may formbetween hydrocarbons of different densities in a hydrocarbon containingformation. Multiple fluids with multiple boundaries may be present in ahydrocarbon containing formation, in some embodiments. It should beunderstood, that many combinations of boundaries between fluids andbetween fluids and the overburden/underburden may be present in ahydrocarbon containing formation.

Production of fluids may perturb the interaction between fluids andbetween fluids and the overburden/underburden. As fluids are removedfrom the hydrocarbon containing formation, the different fluid layersmay mix and form mixed fluid layers. The mixed fluids may have differentinteractions at the fluid boundaries. Depending on the interactions atthe boundaries of the mixed fluids, production of hydrocarbons maybecome difficult. Quantification of the interactions (e.g., energylevel) at the interface of the fluids and/or fluids andoverburden/underburden may be useful to predict mobilization ofhydrocarbons through the hydrocarbon containing formation.

Quantification of energy required for interactions (e.g., mixing)between fluids within a formation at an interface may be difficult tomeasure. Quantification of energy levels at an interface between fluidsmay be determined by generally known techniques (e.g., spinning droptensiometer). Interaction energy requirements at an interface may bereferred to as interfacial tension. “Interfacial tension” as usedherein, refers to a surface free energy that exists between two or morefluids that exhibit a boundary. A high interfacial tension value (e.g.,greater than about 10 dynes/cm) may indicate the inability of one fluidto mix with a second fluid to form a fluid emulsion. As used herein, an“emulsion” refers to a dispersion of one immiscible fluid into a secondfluid by addition of a composition that reduces the interfacial tensionbetween the fluids to achieve stability. The inability of the fluids tomix may be due to high surface interaction energy between the two fluidsflow interfacial tension values (e.g., less than about 1 dyne/cm) mayindicate less surface interaction between the two immiscible fluids.Less surface interaction energy between two immiscible fluids may resultin the mixing of the two fluids to form an emulsion. Fluids with lowinterfacial tension values may be mobilized to a well bore due toreduced capillary forces and subsequently produced from a hydrocarboncontaining formation.

Fluids in a hydrocarbon containing formation may wet (e.g., adhere to anoverburden/underburden or spread onto an overburden/underburden in ahydrocarbon containing formation). As used herein, “wettability” refersto the preference of a fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surfacein a formation in the presence of other fluids. Methods to determinewettability of a hydrocarbon formation are described by Craig, Jr. in“The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding”, 1971 MonographVolume 3, Society of Petroleum Engineers. In an embodiment, hydrocarbonsmay adhere to sandstone in the presence of gas or water. Anoverburden/underburden that is substantially coated by hydrocarbons maybe referred to as “oil wet.” An overburden/underburden may be oil wetdue to the presence of polar and/or heavy hydrocarbons (e.g.,asphaltenes) in the hydrocarbon containing formation. Formationcomposition (e.g., silica, carbonate or clay) may determine the amountof adsorption of hydrocarbons on the surface of anoverburden/underburden. In some embodiments, a porous and/or permeableformation may allow hydrocarbons to more easily wet theoverburden/underburden, A substantially oil wet overburden/underburdenmay inhibit hydrocarbon production from the hydrocarbon containingformation. In certain embodiments, an oil wet portion of a hydrocarboncontaining formation may be located at less than 1000 feet below theearth's surface. For example, oil wet formations may be located inCanada, China, Wyoming, Oklahoma and Louisiana.

A hydrocarbon formation may include water. Water may interact with thesurface of the underburden. As used herein, “water wet” refers to theformation of a coat of water on the surface of theoverburden/underburden. A water wet overburden/underburden may enhancehydrocarbon production from the formation by preventing hydrocarbonsfrom wetting the overburden/underburden. In certain embodiments, a waterwet portion of a hydrocarbon containing formation may include minoramounts of polar and/or heavy hydrocarbons.

Water in a hydrocarbon containing formation may contain minerals (e.g.,minerals containing barium, calcium, or magnesium) and mineral salts(e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride). Watersalinity and/or, water hardness of water in a formation may affectrecovery of hydrocarbons in a hydrocarbon containing formation. As usedherein “salinity” refers to an amount of dissolved solids in water.“Water hardness,” as used herein, refers to a concentration of divalentions (e.g., calcium, magnesium) in the water. Water salinity andhardness may be determined by generally known methods (e.g.,conductivity, titration). As used herein, “high salinity water” refersto water that has greater than about 30,000 ppm total dissolved solidsbased on sodium chloride. As water salinity increases in a hydrocarboncontaining formation, interfacial tensions between hydrocarbons andwater may be increased and the fluids may become more difficult toproduce.

Low salinity water in a hydrocarbon containing formation may enhancehydrocarbon production from a hydrocarbon containing formation.Hydrocarbons and low salinity water may form a well dispersed emulsiondue to a low interfacial tension between the low salinity water and thehydrocarbons. Production of a flowable emulsion (e.g.,hydrocarbons/water mixture) from a hydrocarbon containing formation maybe more economically viable to a producer. As used herein, “low salinitywater” refers to water salinity in a hydrocarbon containing formationthat is less than about 20,000 parts per million (ppm) total dissolvedsolids based on sodium chloride. In some embodiments, hydrocarboncontaining formations may include water with a salinity of less thanabout 13,000 ppm. In certain embodiments, hydrocarbon containingformations may include water with a salinity ranging from about 3,000ppm to about 10,000 ppm. In other embodiments, salinity of the water inhydrocarbon containing formations may range from about 5,000 ppm toabout 8,000 ppm.

A hydrocarbon containing formation may be selected for treatment basedon factors such as, but not limited to, thickness of hydrocarboncontaining layers within the formation, assessed liquid productioncontent, location of the formation, salinity content of the formation,temperature of the formation, and depth of hydrocarbon containinglayers. Initially, natural formation pressure and temperature may besufficient to cause hydrocarbons to flow into well bores and out to thesurface. Temperatures in a hydrocarbon containing formation may rangefrom about 25° C. to about 300° C., A hydrocarbon formation of a depthless than 1000 feet below the earth's surface may exhibit a temperatureless than 50° C. In some embodiments, a hydrocarbon formationtemperature of a depth less than 1000 feet below the earth's surface maybe less than 40° C. In other embodiments, a hydrocarbon formation of adepth less than 1000 feet below the earth's surface temperature may beless than 30° C. As hydrocarbons are produced from a hydrocarboncontaining formation, pressures and/or temperatures within the formationmay decline. Various forms of artificial lift (e.g., pumps, gasinjection) and/or heating may be employed to continue to producehydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon containing formation. Production ofdesired hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon containing formation maybecome uneconomical as hydrocarbons are depleted from the formation.

Mobilization of residual hydrocarbons retained in a hydrocarboncontaining formation may be difficult due to viscosity of thehydrocarbons and capillary effects of fluids in pores of the hydrocarboncontaining formation. As used herein “capillary forces” refers toattractive forces between fluids and at least a portion of thehydrocarbon containing formation. In an embodiment, capillary forces maybe overcome by increasing the pressures within a hydrocarbon containingformation. In other embodiments, capillary forces may be overcome byreducing the interfacial tension between fluids in a hydrocarboncontaining formation. The ability to reduce the capillary forces in ahydrocarbon containing formation may depend on a number of factors,including, but not limited to, the temperature of the hydrocarboncontaining formation, the salinity of water in the hydrocarboncontaining formation, and the composition of the hydrocarbons in thehydrocarbon containing formation.

As production rates decrease, additional methods may be employed to makea hydrocarbon containing formation more economically viable. Methods mayinclude adding sources of water (e.g., brine, steam), gases, polymers,monomers or any combinations thereof to the hydrocarbon formation toincrease mobilization of hydrocarbons.

In an embodiment, a hydrocarbon containing formation may be treated witha flood of water. A waterflood may include injecting water into aportion of a hydrocarbon containing formation through injections wells.Flooding of at least a portion of the formation may water wet a portionof the hydrocarbon containing formation. The water wet portion of thehydrocarbon containing formation may be pressurized by known methods anda water/hydrocarbon mixture may be collected using one or moreproduction wells. The water layer, however, may not mix with thehydrocarbon layer efficiently. Poor mixing efficiency may be due to ahigh interfacial tension between the water and hydrocarbons.

Production from a hydrocarbon containing formation may be enhanced bytreating the hydrocarbon containing formation with a polymer and/ormonomer that may mobilize hydrocarbons to one or more production wells.The polymer and/or monomer may reduce the mobility of the water phase inpores of the hydrocarbon containing formation. The reduction of watermobility may allow the hydrocarbons to be more easily mobilized throughthe hydrocarbon containing formation. Polymers include, but are notlimited to, polyacrylamides, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide,polyacrylates, ethylenic copolymers, biopolymers,carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene sulfonates,polyvinylpyrrolidone, AMPS (2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane sulfonate) orcombinations thereof. Examples of ethylenic copolymers includecopolymers of acrylic acid and acrylamide, acrylic acid and laurylacrylate, lauryl acrylate and acrylamide. Examples of biopolymersinclude xanthan gum and guar gum. In some embodiments, polymers may becrosslinked in situ in a hydrocarbon containing formation. In otherembodiments, polymers may be generated in situ in a hydrocarboncontaining formation. Polymers and polymer preparations for use in oilrecovery are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,427,268 to Zhang et al.,entitled “Method For Making Hydrophobically Associative Polymers,Methods of Use and Compositions;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,439,308 to Wang,entitled “Foam Drive Method;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,261 to Smith,entitled, “Permeability Modifying Composition For Use In Oil Recovery;”U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,206 to Surles et al., entitled “Formation Treating;”U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,490 to Surles et al., entitled “Formation Treating”and U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,909 to Morgenthaler et al., entitled “ProfileControl In Enhanced Oil Recovery,” all of which are incorporated byreference herein.

In an embodiment, addition of an additive may increase the solubility ofa hydrocarbon recovery composition in a hydrocarbon phase.Alternatively, addition of an additive may increase solubility of thehydrocarbon recovery composition in a water phase. As used herein, amolecule soluble in a hydrocarbon phase may be referred to as“lipophilic.” A molecule soluble in a water phase, as used herein, maybe referred to as “hydrophilic.” The effectiveness of the additive maybe measured by combining the additive with a hydrocarbon and watermixture and determining if an emulsion is formed. The effectiveness ofthe additive to form an emulsion may be reported as ahydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) number. Typically, HLB numbers rangebetween about 1 and about 40, A high HLB number may indicate that ahydrocarbon-in-water emulsion is formed. A low HLB number may indicatethat a water-in-hydrocarbon emulsion is formed. As used herein, a“nonionic additive” refers to an additive that exhibits ahydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) number of less than 10.

In an embodiment, a hydrocarbon recovery composition may be provided tothe hydrocarbon containing formation. In an embodiment, a compositionmay include one or, more nonionic additives (e.g., alcohols, ethoxylatedalcohols, nonionic surfactants and/or sugar based esters) and one ormore anionic surfactants (e.g. sulfates, sulfonates, ethoxylatedsulfates, and/or phosphates).

In an embodiment, an aliphatic nonionic additive may be used in ahydrocarbon recovery composition. As used herein, the term “aliphatic”refers to a straight or branched chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Insome embodiments, an aliphatic portion of an aliphatic nonionic additivemay have an average carbon number from 10 to 24. In some embodiments, analiphatic portion of an aliphatic nonionic additive may have an averagecarbon number from 12 to 18. In some embodiments, the aliphatic nonionicadditive may include a branched aliphatic portion. A branched aliphaticportion of an aliphatic nonionic additive may have an average carbonnumber from 16 to 17. In some embodiments, a branched aliphatic group ofan aliphatic nonionic additive may have less than about 0.5 percentaliphatic quaternary carbon atoms. In an embodiment, an average numberof branches per aliphatic nonionic additive ranges from about 0.1 toabout 2.5. In other embodiments, an average number of branches peraliphatic nonionic additive ranges from about 0.7 to about 2.5.

Methyl branches may represent between about 20 percent to about 99percent of the total number of branches present in the branched nonionicadditive. In some embodiments, methyl branches may represent greaterthan about 50 percent of the total number of branches in a branchednonionic additive. The number of ethyl branches in the alcohol mayrepresent, in certain embodiments, less than about 30 percent of thetotal number of branches. In other embodiments, the number of ethylbranches, if present, may be between about 0.1 percent and about 2percent of the total number of branches. Branches other than methyl orethyl, if present, may be less than about 10 percent of the total numberof branches. In some embodiments, less than about 0.5 percent of thetotal number of branches are neither ethyl or methyl groups.

In an embodiment, an aliphatic nonionic additive may be a long chainaliphatic alcohol. The term “long chain,” as used herein, refers to acarbon chain having an average carbon number from 10 to 30. A long chainaliphatic alcohol (e.g., a long chain primary alcohol) may be purchasedcommercially (e.g., Neodol® alcohols manufactured by Shell Chemical Co.,Houston, Tex.). In certain embodiments, a long chain aliphatic alcoholmay be prepared by a variety of generally known methods. A long chainaliphatic alcohol may have an average carbon number from 10 to 24. Insome embodiments, a long chain aliphatic alcohol may have an averagecarbon number from 12 to 18. In other embodiments, a long chainaliphatic alcohol may have an average carbon number from 16 to 17.

In an embodiment, a portion of the long chain aliphatic alcohol may bebranched. Branched long chain aliphatic alcohols may be prepared byhydroformylation of a branched olefin. Preparations of branched olefinsare described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,306 to Murray, entitled “ProcessFor Isomerizing Linear Olefins to Isoolefins;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,584to Murray, entitled “Process For Isomerizing Linear Olefins toIsoolefins” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,585 to Murray, entitled “Process ForIsomerizing Linear Olefins to Isoolefins,” all of which are incorporatedby reference herein. Preparations of branched long chain aliphaticalcohols are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,960 to Singleton et al.,entitled “Highly Branched Primary Alcohol Compositions, andBiodegradable Detergents Made Therefrom;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,222 toSingleton et al., entitled “Highly Branched Primary AlcoholCompositions, and Biodegradable Detergents Made Therefrom;” U.S. Pat.No. 6,222,077 to Singleton et al., entitled “Highly Branched PrimaryAlcohol Compositions, and Biodegradable Detergents Made Therefrom,” allof which are incorporated by reference herein.

In some embodiments, branches of a branched aliphatic group of a longchain aliphatic alcohol may have less than about 0.5 percent aliphaticquaternary carbon atoms. In an embodiment, an average number of branchesper long chain aliphatic alcohol ranges from about 0.1 to about 2.5. Inother embodiments, an average number of branches per alcohol ranges fromabout 0.7 to about 2.5.

Methyl branches may represent between about 20 percent to about 99percent of the total number of branches present in the branched longchain aliphatic alcohol. In some embodiments, methyl branches mayrepresent greater than about 50 percent of the total number of branchesin a branched long chain aliphatic alcohol. The number of ethyl branchesin the alcohol may represent, in certain embodiments, less than about 30percent of the total number of branches. In other embodiments, thenumber of ethyl branches, if present, may be between about 0.1 percentand about 2 percent of the total number of branches. Branches other thanmethyl or ethyl, if present, may be less than about 10 percent of thetotal number of branches. In some embodiments, less than about 0.5percent of the total number of branches are neither ethyl or methylgroups.

In an embodiment, an aliphatic anionic surfactant may be used in ahydrocarbon recovery composition. In certain embodiments, an aliphaticportion of an aliphatic anionic surfactant may have an average carbonnumber from 10 to 24. In some embodiments, an aliphatic portion of analiphatic anionic surfactant may have an average carbon number from 12to 18. In other embodiments, an aliphatic portion of an aliphaticanionic surfactant may have an average carbon number from 16 to 17. Insome embodiments, the aliphatic anionic surfactant may include abranched aliphatic portion. In some embodiments, a branched aliphaticgroup of an aliphatic anionic surfactant may have less than about 0.5percent aliphatic quaternary carbon atoms. In an embodiment, an averagenumber of branches per aliphatic anionic surfactant ranges from about0.1 to about 2.5. In other embodiments, an average number of branchesper aliphatic anionic surfactant ranges from about 0.7 to about 2.5.

Methyl branches may represent between about 20 percent to about 99percent of the total number of branches present in the branched anionicsurfactant. In some embodiments, methyl branches may represent greaterthan about 50 percent of the total number of branches in a branchedanionic surfactant. The number of ethyl branches in the alcohol mayrepresent, in certain embodiments, less than about 30 percent of thetotal number of branches. In other embodiments, the number of ethylbranches, if present, may be between about 0.1 percent and about 2percent of the total number of branches. Branches other than methyl orethyl, if present, may be less than about 10 percent of the total numberof branches. In some embodiments, less than about 0.5 percent of thetotal number of branches are neither ethyl or methyl groups.

In an embodiment, an aliphatic anionic surfactant may be a long chainacid salt. A long chain acid salt may be represented by the formula(R—Y)_(n)M, where R is a long chain aliphatic group, Y is a sulfuricgroup (OSO₃)⁻ or phosphoric group (OPO₃)⁻; M is an ion; and n is anumber depending on the valency of M, such that the total electricalcharge of the composition is zero. In certain embodiments, R is branchedlong chain aliphatic group. Branching of the aliphatic group may improvewater solubility of long chain aliphatic anionic surfactants. Long chainanionic surfactant may be substantially surface-active and efficient atreducing interfacial tension. An average carbon number for R may rangefrom 10 to 24. In some embodiments, an average carbon number for R mayrange from 12 to 18. In other embodiments, an average carbon number forR may range from 16 to 17. M may include, but is not limited to, sodiumion (Na⁺), potassium ion (K⁺), magnesium ion (Mg), ammonium ion (NH₄ ⁺)or trialkylammonium ion (R₃NH⁺). In an embodiment, a long chain sulfuricacid salt may be formed when Y is a sulfuric group. In otherembodiments, a long chain phosphoric acid salt may be formed when Y is aphosphoric group.

In general, a long chain acid salt may be prepared from a long chainalcohol by generally known methods or purchased commercially (e.g.,Neodol® alcohols manufactured by Shell Chemical Co., Houston, Tex.). Forexample, a long chain alcohol may be reacted with sulfur trioxide toform a sulfuric acid or salt. Reaction of a long chain alcohol withpolyphosphoric acid or phosphorus pentoxide may form a phosphoric acidor salt. Preparations of long chain acid salts are described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,849,960 to Singleton et al., entitled “Highly BranchedPrimary Alcohol Compositions, and Biodegradable Detergents MadeTherefrom;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,222 to Singleton et al., entitled“Highly Branched Primary Alcohol Compositions, and BiodegradableDetergents Made Therefrom;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,222,077 to Singleton et al.,entitled “Highly Branched Primary Alcohol Compositions, andBiodegradable Detergents Made Therefrom;” U.S. Pat. No. 6,462,215 toJacobson et al., entitled “Sulfonation, Sulfation and Sulfamation”; U.S.Pat. No. 6,448,435 to Jacobson et al., entitled “Sulfonation, Sulfationand Sulfamation” and U.S. Pat. No. 4,313,847 to Chasin et al, entitled“Surfactant Compositions,” all of which are incorporated by referenceherein.

An aliphatic acid salt may have an aliphatic group with an averagecarbon number from 10 to 24. In some embodiments, an aliphatic acid saltmay have an aliphatic group with an average carbon number from 12 to 18.In other embodiments, an aliphatic acid salt may have an aliphatic groupwith an average carbon number from 16 to 17 The aliphatic group of thealiphatic acid salt may be branched. In some embodiments, the branchesmay have less than about 0.5 percent aliphatic quaternary carbon atoms.In an embodiment, an average number of branches per an aliphatic acidsalt is from about 0.1 to about 2.5. In other embodiments, an averagenumber of branches is from about 0.7 to about 2.5.

Methyl branches may represent between about 20 percent to about 99percent of the total number of branches present in the branchedaliphatic group of the long chain acid or long chain salt. In someembodiments, methyl branches may represent greater than about 50 percentof the total number of branches in an aliphatic group of a long chainacid or long chain acid salt. The number of ethyl branches in analiphatic group of a long chain acid or long chain salt may represent,in certain embodiments, less than about 30 percent of the total numberof branches. In other embodiments, the number of ethyl branches, ifpresent, may be between about 0.1 percent and about 2 percent of thetotal number of branches. Branches other than methyl or ethyl, ifpresent, may be less than about 10 percent of the total number ofbranches. In some embodiments, less than about 0.5 percent of the totalnumber of branches are neither ethyl or methyl groups.

A hydrocarbons recovery composition may be prepared by combining (e.g.,mixing) a nonionic additive (e.g., an aliphatic nonionic additive) withan appropriate amount of an anionic surfactant (e.g., an aliphaticanionic surfactant). Combining of the nonionic additive with the anionicsurfactant may be performed at temperatures less than 50° C. In certainembodiments, mixing temperatures may be less than 25° C.

In one embodiment, a hydrocarbon recovery composition may include analiphatic anionic surfactant and an aliphatic nonionic additive. In someembodiments, an amount of an aliphatic anionic surfactant in acomposition may be greater than about 40 wt. % of the total composition.In an embodiment, an amount of an aliphatic anionic surfactant in ahydrocarbon recovery composition main range from about 60 wt. % to about90 wt. % of the total composition. An amount of an aliphatic anionicsurfactant in a composition may range from about 80 wt. % to about 90wt. % of the total weight of the composition. An amount of an aliphaticnonionic additive in a composition may be less than about 60 wt. % ofthe total weight of the composition. The composition may include anamount of an aliphatic nonionic additive from about 10 wt. % to about 40wt. % of the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, anamount of an aliphatic nonionic additive may range from about 10 wt. %to about 20 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. The remainderof the composition may include, but is not limited to, water, lowmolecular weight alcohols, organic solvents, alkyl sulfonates, arylsulfonates, brine or combinations thereof. Low molecular weight alcoholsincludes but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropylalcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, tert-amylalcohol or combinations thereof. Organic solvents include, but are notlimited to, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, lower alkyl cellosolves, loweralkyl carbitols or combinations thereof.

The aliphatic portion of an aliphatic nonionic additive and an aliphaticnonionic additive used in a hydrocarbon recovery composition may havethe same average carbon number, branching and/or number of quaternarycarbons. Alternatively, an aliphatic nonionic additive may vary incarbon number, branching, or number of quaternary carbon atoms from ananionic surfactant used in a hydrocarbon recovery composition. In anembodiment, an aliphatic anionic surfactant and an aliphatic nonionicadditive may both have an average carbon number from 16 to 17. Both thealiphatic anionic surfactant and aliphatic nonionic additive may havebranched aliphatic groups, in some embodiments. In other embodiments, analiphatic anionic surfactant with an average carbon number of 16 to 17may be combined with an aliphatic nonionic additive having an averagecarbon number from 10 to 24. The aliphatic nonionic additive and thealiphatic anionic surfactant may both have a branched aliphatic group,in certain embodiments. A branched aliphatic nonionic additive may, inother embodiments, include branches that are primarily ethyl and methylgroups. In certain embodiments, branches on the branched aliphaticanionic surfactant may be methyl groups.

In an embodiment, a composition may include an aliphatic anionicsurfactant in combination with one or more sugar based surfactants.Sugar based surfactants include surfactants composed of a long chainaliphatic ester. In one embodiment, a sugar based surfactant is composedof a long chain aliphatic portion coupled to the carbonyl group of theester and a sugar coupled to the oxygen portion of the ester. Sugarbased surfactants include, but are not limited to, sorbitan monolaurate,sorbitan monplamitate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan monooleate,sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan trioleate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitanmonolaurate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate,polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene (20)sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate orcombinations thereof. Other sugar based surfactants include sugar basedethers and sugar based ethoxylated ethers. The compositions may beprepared by combining the aliphatic anionic surfactant with one or moresugar based surfactants at a temperature of less than about 50° C.

In some embodiments, an amount of an aliphatic anionic surfactant in acomposition may be greater than about 40 wt. % of the total composition.The composition may include an aliphatic anionic surfactant in an amountfrom about 50 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of the total composition. Anamount of an aliphatic, anionic surfactant in a composition may rangefrom about 80 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of the total weight of thecomposition. An amount of a sugar based surfactant in a composition maybe less than about 60 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. Thecomposition may include an amount of a sugar based surfactant from about10 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the total weight of the composition. Insome embodiments, an amount of a sugar based surfactant may range fromabout 10 wt % to about 20 wt. % of the total weight of the composition.The remainder of the composition may include, but is not limited to,water, low molecular weight alcohols, organic solvents, alkylsulfonates, aryl sulfonates, brine or combinations thereof. Lowmolecular weight alcohols include, but are not limited to, methanol,ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butylalcohol, butyl alcohol, tert-amyl alcohol or combinations thereof.Organic solvents include, but are not limited to, methyl ethyl ketone,acetone, lower alkyl cellosolves, lower alkyl carbitols or combinationsthereof.

In an embodiment, a composition may include an aliphatic nonionicadditive, an aliphatic anionic surfactant and one or more sugar basedsurfactants. In certain embodiments, a portion of the aliphatic group ofthe aliphatic nonionic additive may be branched. In other embodiments, aportion of the aliphatic anionic surfactant may be branched. Thecompositions may be prepared by combining the aliphatic nonionicadditive and the aliphatic anionic surfactant with one or more sugarbased surfactants at a temperature of less than about 50° C.

In some embodiments, an aliphatic nonionic additive may be greater than50 wt. % of the total composition. The composition may include analiphatic nonionic additive in an amount from about 45 wt. % to about 55wt. % of the total composition. In some embodiments, an amount of analiphatic anionic surfactant in a composition may be greater than about35 wt. % of the total composition. The composition may also include analiphatic anionic surfactant in an amount from about 30 wt. % to about50 wt. % of the total composition. An amount of a sugar based surfactantin a composition may be less than about 10 wt. % of the total weight ofthe composition. The composition may include an amount of a sugar basedsurfactant less than about 10 wt. % of the total weight of thecomposition. In some embodiments, an amount of a sugar based surfactantmay range from about 5 wt. % to about 8 wt. % of the total weight of thecomposition. The remainder of the composition may include, but is notlimited to, water, low molecular weight alcohols, organic solvents,alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates, brine or combinations thereof. Lowmolecular weight alcohols include, but are not limited to, methanol,ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butylalcohol, butyl alcohol, tert-amyl alcohol or combinations thereof.Organic solvents include, but are not limited to, methyl ethyl ketone,acetone, lower alkyl cellosolves, lower alkyl carbitols or combinationsthereof.

A hydrocarbon recovery composition may interact with hydrocarbons in atleast a portion of the hydrocarbon containing formation. Interactionwith the hydrocarbons may reduce an interfacial tension of thehydrocarbons with one or more fluids in the hydrocarbon containingformation. In other embodiments, a hydrocarbon recovery composition mayreduce the interfacial tension between the hydrocarbons and anoverburden/underburden of a hydrocarbon containing formation. Reductionof the interfacial tension may allow at least a portion of thehydrocarbons to mobilize through the hydrocarbon containing formation.

The ability of a hydrocarbon recovery composition to reduce theinterfacial tension of a mixture of hydrocarbons and fluids may beevaluated using known techniques. In an embodiment, an interfacialtension value for a mixture of hydrocarbons and water may be determinedusing a spinning drop tensiometer. An amount of the hydrocarbon recoverycomposition may be added to the hydrocarbon/water mixture and aninterfacial tension value for the resulting fluid may be determined. Alow interfacial tension value (e.g., less than about 1 dyne/cm) mayindicate that the composition reduced at least a portion of the surfaceenergy between the hydrocarbons and water. Reduction of surface energymay indicate that at least a portion of the hydrocarbon/water mixturemay mobilize through at least a portion of a hydrocarbon containingformation.

In an embodiment, a hydrocarbon recovery composition may be added to ahydrocarbon/water mixture and the interfacial tension value may bedetermined. An ultralow interfacial tension value (e.g., less than about0.1 dyne/cm) may indicate that the hydrocarbon recovery compositionlowered at least a portion of the surface tension between thehydrocarbons and water such that at least a portion of the hydrocarbonsmay mobilize through at least a portion of the hydrocarbon containingformation. At least a portion of the hydrocarbons may mobilize moreeasily through at least a portion of the hydrocarbon containingformation at an ultra low interfacial tension than hydrocarbons thathave been treated with a composition that results in an interfacialtension value greater than 0.1 dynes/cm for, the fluids in theformation. Addition of a hydrocarbon recovery composition to fluids in ahydrocarbon containing formation that results in an ultra-lowinterfacial tension value may increase the efficiency at whichhydrocarbons may be produced. A hydrocarbon recovery compositionconcentration in the hydrocarbon containing formation may be minimizedto minimize cost of use during production.

In an embodiment of a method to treat a hydrocarbon containingformation, a hydrocarbon recovery composition including a nonionicadditive (e.g., a long chain aliphatic alcohol) and an anionicsurfactant (e.g., a long chain aliphatic acid salt) may be provided(e.g. injected) into hydrocarbon containing formation 100 throughinjection well 110 as depicted in FIG. 1. Hydrocarbon formation 100 mayinclude overburden 120, hydrocarbon layer 130, and underburden 140.Injection well 110 may include openings 112 that allow fluids to flowthrough hydrocarbon containing formation 100 at various depth levels. Incertain embodiments, hydrocarbon layer 130 may be less than 1000 feetbelow earth's surface. In some embodiments, underburden 140 ofhydrocarbon containing formation 100 may be oil wet. Low salinity watermay be present in hydrocarbon containing formation 100, in otherembodiments.

A hydrocarbon recovery composition may be provided to the formation inan amount based on hydrocarbons present in a hydrocarbon containingformation. The amount of hydrocarbon recovery composition, however, maybe too small to be accurately delivered to the hydrocarbon containingformation using known delivery techniques (e.g., pumps). To facilitatedelivery of small amounts of the hydrocarbon recovery composition to thehydrocarbon containing formation, the hydrocarbon recovery compositionmay be combined with water and/or brine to produce an injectable fluid.An amount of a hydrocarbon recovery composition injected intohydrocarbon containing formation 100 may be less than 0.5 wt. % of thetotal weight of the injectable fluid. In certain embodiments, an amountof a hydrocarbon recovery composition provided to a hydrocarboncontaining formation may be less than 0.3 wt. % of the total weight ofinjectable fluid. In some embodiments, an amount of a hydrocarbonrecovery composition provided to a hydrocarbon containing formation maybe less than 0.1 wt. % of the total weight of injectable fluid. In otherembodiments, an amount of a hydrocarbon recovery composition provided toa hydrocarbon containing formation may be less than 0.05 wt. % of thetotal weight of injectable fluid.

The hydrocarbon recovery composition may interact with at least aportion of the hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon layer 130. The interaction ofthe hydrocarbon recovery composition with hydrocarbon layer 130 mayreduce at least a portion of the interfacial tension between differenthydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon recovery composition may also reduce atleast a portion of the interfacial tension between one or more fluids(e.g., water, hydrocarbons) in the formation and the underburden 140,one or more fluids in the formation and the overburden 120 orcombinations thereof. In an embodiment, a hydrocarbon recoverycomposition may interact with at least a portion of hydrocarbons and atleast a portion of one or more other fluids in the formation to reduceat least a portion of the interfacial tension between the hydrocarbonsand one or more fluids. Reduction of the interfacial tension may allowat least a portion of the hydrocarbons to form an emulsion with at leasta portion of one or more fluids in the formation. An interfacial tensionvalue between the hydrocarbons and one or more fluids may be altered bythe hydrocarbon recovery composition to a value of less than about 0.1dyne/cm. In some embodiments, an interfacial tension value between thehydrocarbons and other fluids in a formation may be reduced by thehydrocarbon recovery composition to be less than about 0.05 dyne/cm. Aninterfacial tension value between hydrocarbons and other fluids in aformation may be lowered by the hydrocarbon recovery composition to lessthan 0.001 dyne/cm, in other embodiments. At least a portion of thehydrocarbon recovery composition/hydrocarbon/fluids mixture may bemobilized to production well 150. Products obtained from the productionwell 150 may include, but are not limited to, components of thehydrocarbon recovery composition (e.g., a long chain aliphatic alcoholand/or a long chain aliphatic acid salt), methane, carbon monoxide,water, hydrocarbons, ammonia, asphaltenes, or combinations thereof.Hydrocarbon production from hydrocarbon containing formation 100 may beincreased by greater than about 50% after the hydrocarbon recoverycomposition has been added to a hydrocarbon containing formation.

In certain embodiments, hydrocarbon containing formation 100 may bepretreated with a hydrocarbon removal fluid. A hydrocarbon removal fluidmay be composed of water, steam, brine, gas, liquid polymers, foampolymers, monomers or mixtures thereof. A hydrocarbon removal fluid maybe used to treat a formation before a hydrocarbon recovery compositionis provided to the formation. Hydrocarbon containing formation 100 maybe less than 1000 feet below the earth's surface, in some embodiments, Ahydrocarbon removal fluid may be heated before injection into ahydrocarbon containing formation 100, in certain embodiments. Ahydrocarbon removal fluid may reduce a viscosity of at least a portionof the hydrocarbons within the formation. Reduction of the viscosity ofat least a portion of the hydrocarbons in the formation may enhancemobilization of at least a portion of the hydrocarbons to productionwell 150. After at least a portion of the hydrocarbons in hydrocarboncontaining formation 100 have been mobilized, repeated injection of thesame or different hydrocarbon removal fluids may become less effectivein mobilizing hydrocarbons through the hydrocarbon containing formation.Low efficiency of mobilization may be due to hydrocarbon removal fluidscreating more permeable zones in hydrocarbon containing formation 100.Hydrocarbon removal fluids may pass through the permeable zones in thehydrocarbon containing formation 100 and not interact with and mobilizethe remaining hydrocarbons. Consequently, displacement of heavierhydrocarbons adsorbed to underburden 140 may be reduced over time.Eventually, the formation may be considered low producing oreconomically undesirable to produce hydrocarbons.

In certain embodiments, injection of a hydrocarbon recovery compositionafter treating the hydrocarbon containing formation with a hydrocarbonremoval fluid may enhance mobilization of heavier hydrocarbons absorbedto underburden 140. The hydrocarbon recovery composition may interactwith the hydrocarbons to reduce an interfacial tension between thehydrocarbons and underburden 140. Reduction of the interfacial tensionmay be such that hydrocarbons are mobilized to and produced fromproduction well 150. Produced hydrocarbons from production well 140 mayinclude, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the components ofthe hydrocarbon recovery composition, the hydrocarbon removal fluidinjected into the well for pretreatment, methane, carbon dioxide,ammonia, or combinations thereof. Adding the hydrocarbon recoverycomposition to at least a portion of a low producing hydrocarboncontaining formation may extend the production life of the hydrocarboncontaining formation. Hydrocarbon production from hydrocarbon containingformation 100 may be increased by greater than about 50% after thehydrocarbon recovery composition has been added to hydrocarboncontaining formation. Increased hydrocarbon production may increase theeconomic viability of the hydrocarbon containing formation.

In some embodiments, a hydrocarbon recovery composition may be added toa portion of hydrocarbon containing formation 100 that may have anaverage temperature of less than 50° C. To facilitate delivery of anamount of the hydrocarbon recovery composition to the hydrocarboncontaining formation, the hydrocarbon composition may be combined withwater or brine to produce an injectable fluid. Less than about 0.5 wt %of the hydrocarbon recovery composition, based on the total weight ofinjectable fluid, may be injected into hydrocarbon containing formation100 through injection well 110. In certain embodiments, theconcentration of the hydrocarbon recovery composition injected throughinjection well 110 may be less than 0.3 wt. %, based on the total weightof injectable fluid. In some embodiments, the concentration of thehydrocarbon recovery composition may be less 0.1 wt. % based on thetotal weight of injectable fluid. In other embodiments, theconcentration of the hydrocarbon recovery composition may be less 0.05wt. % based on the total weight of injectable fluid.

Interaction of the hydrocarbon recovery composition with at least aportion of hydrocarbons in the formation may reduce at least a portionof an interfacial tension between the hydrocarbons and underburden 140.Reduction of at least a portion of the interfacial tension may mobilizeat least a portion of hydrocarbons through hydrocarbon containingformation 100. Mobilization of at least a portion of hydrocarbons,however, may not be at an economically viable rate. In one embodiment,polymers may be injected into hydrocarbon formation 100 throughinjection well 110, after treatment of the formation with a hydrocarbonrecovery composition, to increase mobilization of at least a portion ofthe hydrocarbons through the formation. Suitable polymers include, butare not limited to, CIBA® ALCOFLOOD®, manufactured by Ciba SpecialtyAdditives (Tarrytown, N.Y.), Tramfloc® manufactured by Tramfloc Inca(Temple, Ariz.), and HE® polymers manufactured by Chevron PhillipsChemical Co. (The Woodlands, Tex.). Interaction between thehydrocarbons, the hydrocarbon recovery composition and the polymer mayincrease mobilization of at least a portion of the hydrocarbonsremaining in the formation to production well 150.

In some embodiments, a hydrocarbon recovery composition may be added toa portion of a hydrocarbon containing formation 100 that has an averagetemperature of less than 50° C. In some embodiments, a hydrocarbonrecovery composition may be combined with at least a portion of ahydrocarbon removal fluid (e.g. water, polymer solutions) to produce aninjectable fluid. Less than about 0.5 wt % of the hydrocarbon recoverycomposition, based on the total weight of injectable fluid, may beinjected into hydrocarbon containing formation 100 through injectionwell 110 as depicted in FIG. 2. In certain embodiments, a concentrationof the hydrocarbon recovery composition injected through injection well110 may be less than 0.3 wt. % based on the total weight of injectablefluid. In some embodiments, less than 0.1 wt. % of the hydrocarbonrecovery composition, based on the total weight of injectable fluid, maybe injected through injection well 110 into hydrocarbon containingformation 100. In other embodiments, less than 0.05 wt. % of thehydrocarbon recovery composition, based on the total weight ofinjectable fluid, may be injected through injection well 110 intohydrocarbon containing formation 100. Interaction of the hydrocarbonrecovery composition with hydrocarbons in the formation may reduce atleast a portion of an interfacial tension between the hydrocarbons andunderburden 140. Reduction of at least a portion of the interfacialtension may mobilize at least a portion of hydrocarbons to a selectedsection 160 in hydrocarbon containing formation 100 to form hydrocarbonpool 170. At least a portion of the hydrocarbons may be produced fromhydrocarbon pool 170 in the selected section of hydrocarbon containingformation 100.

In other embodiments, mobilization of at least a portion of hydrocarbonsto selected section 160 may not be at an economically viable rate.Polymers may be injected into hydrocarbon formation 100 to increasemobilization of at least a portion of the hydrocarbons through theformation. Interaction between at least a portion of the hydrocarbons,the hydrocarbon recovery composition and the polymers may increasemobilization of at least a portion of the hydrocarbons to productionwell 150.

In some embodiments, a hydrocarbon recovery composition may include aninorganic salt (e.g. sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium chloride NaCl),or calcium chloride (CaCl₂)). The addition of the inorganic salt mayhelp the hydrocarbon recovery composition disperse throughout ahydrocarbon/water mixture. The enhanced dispersion of the hydrocarbonrecovery composition may decrease the interactions between thehydrocarbon and water interface. The decreased interaction may lower theinterfacial tension of the mixture and provide a fluid that is moremobile.

In another embodiment, a hydrocarbon recovery composition may includepolymers and/or monomers. As described above, polymers may be used toincrease mobilization of at least a portion of the hydrocarbons throughthe formation. Suitable polymers have been described previously.Interaction between the hydrocarbons and the polymer containinghydrocarbon recovery composition may increase mobilization of at least aportion of the hydrocarbons remaining in the formation.

EXAMPLES

Hydrocarbon recovery compositions including anionic surfactants,nonionic additives, sugar based surfactants and/or combinations thereofwere prepared and interfacial tension measurements were compared for avariety of different compositions. Compositions and interfacial tensionmeasurements are tabulated in Table 1.

Interfacial tension values for the hydrocarbon/hydrocarbon recoverycomposition/water mixtures were determined using a spinning droptensiometer. A one to four microliter (μL) drop of Nowata crudehydrocarbons were placed into a capillary tube that contained ahydrocarbon recovery composition/brine solution. The tube was placedinto a spinning drop apparatus and then capped. The motor was turned onrapidly to rotate the tube to create a cylindrical drop within the tube(e.g. 6 to 12 ms/rev). The drop length may be greater than or equal to 4times the width of a drop. The capillary tube and drop were heated to ahydrocarbon containing formation temperature (about 30° C.). The dropwas video taped for later replay for measurement of the interfacialtension between the drop and the composition/brine using an Optima®System. The time range of the measurements was from about 0.01 to about0.4 hours. Density of the Nowata hydrocarbons was about 0.8294 Densityof the aqueous phase, gm/cc was 0.9960. Refractive Index of the aqueousphase was about 1.3325. The water to oil ratio was about 250:1.Experiments No. 6-125 include Nowata Brine and Nowata Crude in about a250:1 ratio TABLE 1 IFT Lo Sample Range IFT Hi Exp. Composition AmountSalt (dynes/ Range No. (wt. %) (μliter) Sample Composition Added cm)(dynes/cm) Temp. ° C. 1 — 5 Nowata Crude + Nowata Brine — 10.3 10.8 30 2Air — Nowata Brine + Air Drop 20.0 21.0 30 3 Air — Distilled Water + AirDrop — 51.6 54.5 30 4 0.5 4 C₁₃-C₁₄ IOS 0.6040 1.1400 30 5 0.5 4Noedene ® 12-1 PDOS 0.8720 1.1200 30 6 0.5 4 Dodecyl-1 1.5 POS 0.52900.7740 30 7 0.5 4 C₁₃-C₁₄ IOS 6% NaCl 0.8760 1.2300 30 8 0.5 4 N67S 6% —— 30 Na₂CO₃ 9 0.5 4 Dodecyl-1 1.5 POS 6% 0.3870 0.4600 30 Na₂CO₃ 10 0.54 AOS 6% 0.8820 1.3200 30 Na₂CO₃ 11 0.5 4 C₁₄-C₁₅ 1 POS 0.1200 0.3360 3012 0.5 4 C₁₄-C₁₅ 1 POS 1% 0.1770 0.4510 30 Na₂CO₃ 13 0.5 4 C₁₄-C₁₅ 1 POS2% 0.0910 0.4530 30 Na₂CO₃ 14 0.5 4 Noedene ® 14 1 PDO 7EO 6% 0.25000.2500 30 Na₂CO₃ 15 0.5 4 Noedene ® 14 1 PDO 7EO 0.1220 0.5000 30 16 0.54 Noedene ® 14 1 PDO 7EO 3% 0.1530 0.1200 30 Na₂CO₃ 17 0.5 4 Noedene ®14 1 PDO 7EO 6% 0.2300 0.2560 30 Na₂CO₃ 18 0.5 4 Noedene ® 14 1 PDO 7EO0.1790 0.5370 30 19 0.5 4 Noedene ® 14 1 PDO 7EO 0.1890 0.2720 30 20 0.54 N45-7 0.2010 0.2720 30 21 0.5 4 N45-7 1% 0.2010 0.3770 30 Na₂CO₃ 220.5 4 N45-7 3% 0.1190 0.1630 30 Na₂CO₃ 23 0.5 4 N45-2.25S 3% 0.16400.3190 30 Na₂CO₃ 24 0.5 4 50/50 Ethoquad ®/N45-2.25S 0.4710 0.6580 30 250.5 4 Zonyl ® “FSN” 3.4910 4.3800 30 26 0.5 4 FC-171 6.300 8.900 30 270.5 4 50/50 Ethoquad ®/C₁₄-C₁₅ 1 POS 0.2780 0.4100 30 28 0.5 4 50/50C₁₄-C₁₅ 1 POS/Span ® 20 0.0700 0.04200 30 29 0.5 4 50/50N45-2.25S/Span ® 20 0.0190 0.0470 30 30 0.5 4 60/40/TraceN45-2.25S/Ethoquad ®/ 0.0745 0.1040 30 Arquad ® 31 0.5 4 60/40/TraceC₁₄-C₁₅ 1 POS/Ethoquad ®/ 0.3740 0.7010 30 Arquad ® 32 0.1 3 C₁₆ 1.8 PO0.0890 0.1450 30 33 0.1 3 C₁₆ 1.8 PO 1% 0.540 0.1590 30 Na₂CO₃ 34 0.5 480/20 N45-2.25S/N45-2.25 0.2010 0.2340 30 35 0.5 4 70/30N45-2.25S/N45-2.25 0.1290 0.1380 30 36 0.5 4 60/40 N45-2.25S/N45-2.250.1260 0.1380 30 37 0.5 4 50/50 N45-2.25S/N45-2.25 0.1830 0.2140 30 380.5 4 63/37 N45-2.25S/N45-2.25 3% 0.0790 0.280 30 Na₂CO₃ 39 0.5 4N45-2.25S 3% 0.1250 0.3430 30 Na₂CO₃ 40 0.5 4 50/50 N45-2.25S/N25-3 3% —— 30 Na₂CO₃ 41 0.5 2.5 59/51 N25-2.25S/N1-5 3% — — 30 Na₂CO₃ 42 0.5 448/52 N45-2.25S/Span ® 20 0.0910 0.1330 30 43 0.5 4 60/40N45-2.25S/Span ® 20 0.1090 0.1860 30 44 0.1 3 60/40 N45-2.25S/Span ® 203% 0.1030 0.2190 30 Na₂CO₃ 45 0.1 3 60/30/9/1 N45-2.25S/Span ®20/Ethoquad ®/ 0.1550 0.280 30 Arquad 46 0.1 3 60/30/5/5N45-2.25S/Span ® 20/Ethoquad/ 0.1270 0.1860 30 Arquad ® 47 0.1 360/30/10/0 N45-2.25S/Span ® 20/Ethoquad ®/ 0.1040 0.1690 30 Arquad ® 480.1 3 60/30/0/10 N45-2.25S/Span ® 20/Ethoquad ®/ 0.1760 0.4010 30Arquad ® 49 0.1 3 60/30/20 N45-2.25S/Span ® 20/Ethoquad ® 0.2110 0.383030 50 0.1 3 60/30/20 N45-2.25S/Span ® 20/Ethoquad ® 0.2500 0.4580 30 510.1 3 N67S 1% 0.0200 0.1210 30 Na₂CO₃ 52 0.1 3 N67S 3% 0.0022 0.310 30Na₂CO₃ 53 0.1 3 53/47 N67S/Span ® 20 0.0081 0.750 30 54 0.1 3 50/50N45-2.25S/Span ® 20 0.2170 0.3030 30 55 0.1 3 53/47 N67S/Span ® 200.1800 0.7620 30 56 0.5 3 53/47 N67S/Span ® 20 0.3320 1.1380 30 57 0.5 353/47 N67S/Span ® 20 1% 0.0199 0.0374 30 Na₂CO₃ 58 0.1 3 53/47N67S/Span ® 20 1% 0.0099 0.0430 30 Na₂CO₃ 59 0.1 3 62.5/37.5N45-2.25S/Span ® 20 0.8320 1.0250 30 60 0.1 3 62.5/37.5 N45-2.25S/Span ®20 1% 0.0638 0.1150 30 Na₂CO₃ 61 0.1 3 62.5/37.5 N45-2.25S/Span ® 20 3%0.0386 0.0720 30 Na₂CO₃ 62 0.1 1 45/55 N67S/N67 0.0020 0.0283 30 63 0.11.5 45/55 N67S/N67 1% 0.0245 0.0566 30 Na₂CO₃ 64 0.1 2 45/55 N67S/N670.0096 0.0428 30 65 0.1 3 50/50 N67S/N67 0.0061 0.0324 30 66 0.1 2 50/50N67S/N67 1% 0.0101 0.0959 30 Na₂CO₃ 67 0.1 3 55/45 N67S/N67 0.01420.0312 30 68 0.1 2 55/45 N67S/N67 1% 0.0228 0.0784 30 Na₂CO₃ 69 0.1 260/40 N67S/N67 0.0064 0.0279 30 70 0.1 2 60/40 N67S/N67 1% 0.0194 0.050530 Na₂CO₃ 71 0.1 2 70/30 N67S/N67 0.0699 0.0778 30 72 0.1 2 74.5/25.4N67S/N67 0.0289 0.0440 30 73 0.1 2 74.5/25.4 N67S/N67 1% 0.0227 0.065230 Na₂CO₃ 74 0.05 2 82/18 N67S/N67 0.1580 0.5180 30 75 0.1 2 82/18N67S/N67 0.0120 0.1940 30 76 0.1 2 82/18 N67S/N67 0.0188 0.0845 30 770.1 2 82/18 N67S/N67 1% 0.0151 0.0646 30 Na₂CO₃ 78 0.2 2 82/18 N67S/N670.3500 0.4420 30 79 0.5 2 82/18 N67S/N67 0.3780 0.4390 30 80 0.1 294.1/5.9 N67S/N67 0.1230 0.1760 30 81 0.1 2 82/18 N67S/N67 in DistilledWater 700 ppm 1.2125 1.3780 30 CaCl₂ 82 0.1 2 82/18 N67S/N67 inDistilled Water 700 ppm 0.6320 1.4150 30 CaCl₂ 83 0.1 2 82/18N67S/N672400 ppm 0.1660 0.2251 30 CaCl₂ 84 0.05 1 82/18 N67S/N67 0.0960 0.680030 85 0.1 1 82/18 N67S/N67 0.0106 01938 30 86 0.1 1 82/18 N67S/N67 inIsopropyl alcohol 0.0069 0.1640 30 87 0.1 1 82/18 N67S/N67 in DistilledWater 2.2800 2.2700 30 88 0.1 2 40/40/20 N67S/N67/Span ® 20 0.35800.3950 30 89 0.1 2 40/40/20 N67S/N67/Span ® 20 1% 0.0357 0.1951 30Na₂CO₃ 90 0.1 2 40/50/10 N67S/N67/Span ® 20 0.3110 0.4140 30 91 0.1 240/50/10 N67S/N67/Span ® 20 1% 00335 0.2970 30 Na₂CO₃ 92 0.1 2 40/55/5N67S/N67/Span ® 20 0.0638 0.2119 30 93 0.1 2 40/55/5 N67S/N67/Span ® 201% 0.0909 0.2850 30 Na₂CO₃ 94 0.1 2 40/55/5 N67S/N67/Span ® 20 0.3%2.0980 1.9040 30 Na₂CO₃ 95 0.1 2 75/12.5/12.7 N67S/N67/Span ® 20 0.02000.0391 30 96 0.1 2 75/12.5/12.7 N67S/N67/Span ® 20 1% 0.0537 0.947 30Na₂CO₃ 97 0.1 2 75/12.5/12.7 N67S/N67/Span ® 20 300 ppm 0.1883 0.1996 30CaCl₂ 115 0.1 1 34/57/8 N67S/N67/Span ® 80 0.2500 0.4730 30 116 0.1 134/57/8 N67S/N67/Span ® 80 1% 0.0445 0.7248 30 Na₂CO₃ 98 0.1 1 38/52/9.6N67S/N67/Span ® 80 0.0178 0.1780 30 99 0.1 1 38/52/9.6 N67S/N67/Span ®80 1% 0.0231 0.0595 30 Na₂CO₃ 110 0.1 2 40/55/5 N67S/N67/Span ® 800.0185 0.0504 30 111 0.1 2 40/55/5 N67S/N67/Span ® 80 1% 0.0253 0.186330 Na₂CO₃ 112 0.1 2 79/24 N67S/Span ® 80 0.0225 0.0470 30 113 0.1 279/24 N67S/Span ® 80 1% 0.0724 0.1209 30 Na₂CO₃IOS = Internal olefin sulfonate, sodium salt;PDOS = Olefin propandial adduct sulfate, sodium salt;POS = Propoxysulfate, sodium salt;AOS = Alpha olefin sulfonate, sodium salt;Neodene 14 1 PDO 7 EO = C₁₄ olefin propandiol adduct, 7-EO ethoxylateDodecyl-1 1 5 POS;N45-7 = Neodol ® C₁₄-C₁₅ ethoxylated (7 EO) alcohol;N45-2.25S = Neodol ® C₁₄-C₁₅ ethoxylated (2.5 EO) sulfate, sodium salt;Ethoquad ® = Polyoxyethylenemonoalkylmethylammonium chloride;Zonyl ® “FSN” = Fluorinated nonionic surfactant,FC-171 = 3M ® Fluorinated alkyl alkoxylate;SPAN ® 20 = sorbitan monolaurate;Arquad ® = Monoalkyltrimethylammonium chlorides;N25-3 = Neodol ® C₁₂ to C₁₅ ethoxylated (3 EO) alcohol;N1-5 = Neodol ® C₁₁ ethoxylated (5 EO) alcohol;C₁₆ 1.8 PO = C₁₆ propoxylated (1.8 PO) alcohol sulfate, sodium salt;N67S/N67 = Neodol ® C₁₆-C₁₇ branched sulfate/Neodol ® C₁₆-C₁₇ branchedalcohol andSpan ® 80 = sorbitan monooleate.

Interfacial tension values versus time for Nowata crude and brine with0.1 wt % of a 50% Neodol® C₁₄-C₁₅ 45-2.2S and 50% SPAN® 20 compositionand 1% Na₂CO₃; 0.1 wt. % of a 53% Neodol® 67S and 43% SPAN® 20composition and 1% Na₂CO₃; 0.1 wt % of a 82% Neodol® 67S and 18% N67composition; 0.2 wt. % of a 82% Neodol® 67S and 18% Neodol® 67composition and 0.1 wt. % of 82% Neodol® 67S and 18% Neodol® 67composition with 1% Na₂CO₃ are depicted graphically in FIG. 3.

Interfacial tension values versus time for Nowata crude and brine andthe addition of 0.1% of N67S/N67 mixtures are depicted in FIG. 4.Amounts of N67S in the mixture ranged between 100 wt. % to about 63.1wt. %. Amounts of N67 in the mixture was less than about 36.9 wt. %. Amixture of about 82 wt % N67S and about 18 wt. % N67 reduced theinterfacial tension to about 0.042 dynes/cm.

Three hydrocarbon recovery compositions exhibited low interfacialtension values were prepared and tested in a laboratory to determine thehydrocarbon recovery compositions effect on enhancing hydrocarbonrecovery from a hydrocarbon containing formation. Small diameter coretests were performed according to generally known methods to determinethe effectiveness of the blends on hydrocarbons recovery from ahydrocarbon containing formation that may be depleted to a residualsaturation of about 20% hydrocarbons.

Example 1

Composition # 1 was prepared by mixing about 50 wt. % of the sodium saltof a C₁₄ to C₁₅ branched ethoxy sulfate (e.g., Neodol® 45-2.2S ShellChemical Co., Houston Tex.) with 50 wt. % sorbitan laurate (e.g., SPAN®20) at a temperature of less than about 50° C.

A polymeric column (3.8 cm×27 cm) was dry packed with about 196 mL(519.8 gams) Oklahoma # 1 sand, purged with nitrogen (7 psi) thenevacuated with a vacuum. Nitrogen purging and subsequent vacuumevacuation was repeated twice. About 78 mL of Nowata crude in about 94.5mL water was added to the column until the sand was completely saturatedwith hydrocarbons. The sand pack had a pore volume (PV) of about 90.73mL, a porosity of about 32%, an absolute permeability to water of 1.1darcy, a saturation of 1.07 volume % and an effective permeability tohydrocarbons of 1.5 darcy. About 103 mL of Nowata produced water (brinefrom Nowata Oil Field, Oklahoma) was delivered vertically from thebottom of the column to the top of the column to waterflood the sandpack (e.g., remove hydrocarbons from the sand). The water flow rateduring waterflooding was lower than the water flow rate during the watersaturation period. Waterflood flow rate was about 9.5 meter/darcy (Darcyvelocity). About 64 mL of hydrocarbons was collected during thewaterflood. Residual hydrocarbon saturation was determined to be betweenabout 15 volume % and an effective permeability to water of about 0.51darcy was obtained.

A pre-polymer solution ALCOFLOOD®, manufactured by Ciba SpecialtyAdditives (Tarrytown, N.Y.), 0.05 PV) was delivered vertically from thebottom of the column to the top of the column at about 0.1 wt. % polymerconcentration. A 0.2 PV solution (210 mL) of 0.2 wt. % of composition#1, 0.1 wt. % polymer and 0.1 wt % Na₂CO₃ was delivered vertically fromthe bottom of the column to the top of the column.

After the composition # 1/polymer flood, 0.5 PV amount of polymer wasdelivered vertically from the bottom of the column to the top of thecolumn to control mobility of the hydrocarbons. Flow rate ofhydrocarbons through the column and volume of recovered hydrocarbonswere monitored during all stages of the test. An average flow rate of0.025 mL/sec was determined during the composition #1/polymer flood.Total volume of hydrocarbons recovered from the sand was about 19 mL.Total volume efficiency was calculated to be about 19%. A post-polishingstep was performed by delivering vertically from the bottom of thecolumn to the top of the column 1.25 PV of a brine solution.

Example 2

Composition #2 was prepared by mixing about 53 wt. % of the sodium saltof a C₁₆ to C₁₇ branched aliphatic sulfate (e.g., Neodol® 67S) from anabout 20% active solution with about 47 wt % of sorbitan laurate (e.g.,SPAN® 20, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee Minn.) at 25° C.

A polymeric column (3.8 cm×27 cm) was dry packed with about 193.2 mL(512 grams) Oklahoma # 1 sand, purged with nitrogen (7 psi) thenevacuated with a vacuum. Nitrogen purging and subsequent vacuumevacuation was repeated twice. About 80 ml of Nowata crude in about 96.9mL water was added to the column until the sand was completely saturatedwith hydrocarbons. The sand pack had a pore volume (PV) of about 97.03mL, a porosity of about 33%, an absolute permeability to water of about1.1 darcy, saturation of about 1.03% and an effective permeability tohydrocarbons of about 1.5 darcy. About 104 mL of Nowata produced water(brine from Nowata Oil Field, Oklahoma) was delivered, vertically fromthe bottom of the column to the top of the column to waterflood the sandpack (e.g., remove hydrocarbons from the sand pack). The produced waterflow rate during waterflooding was lower than during the watersaturation period. Waterflood flow rate was about 9.5 meter/darcy

About 65 mL of hydrocarbons was collected during the water flood.Residual hydrocarbon saturation was determined to be between about 23volume % and effective permeability to water was about 0.49 darcy.

A pre-polymer solution (0.05 PV) was delivered vertically from thebottom of the column to the top of the column at about 0.1 wt. %.polymer concentration. A 0.2 PV solution (208 mL) of 0.2 wt. % ofcomposition #2, 0.1 wt. % polymer and 0.1 wt. % Na₂CO₃ was deliveredvertically from the bottom of the column to the top of the column.

After the composition # 2/polymer flood, 0.5 PV amount of polymer wasdelivered vertically from the bottom of the column to the top of thecolumn to control mobility of the hydrocarbons. Flow rate ofhydrocarbons through the column and volume of recovered hydrocarbonswere monitored during all stages of the test. An average flow rate ofabout 0.025 mL/sec was determined during the composition #2/polymerflood. Total volume of hydrocarbons recovered from the sand was about4.9 mL. Total volume efficiency was calculated to be about 33%. Apost-polishing step was performed by delivering vertically from thebottom of the column to the top of the column about 1.25 PV of a brinesolution.

Example 3

Composition #3 was prepared by mixing about 82 wt. % of a branched C₁₆to C₁₇ aliphatic sulfate, sodium salt (Neodol® 67S) from an about 20%active solution with about 18 wt. % of a branched C₁₆ to C₁₇ aliphaticalcohol (Neodol® 67) at a temperature about 25° C.

A polymeric column (3.8 cm×27 cm) was dry packed with about 197.7 mL(524 grams) Oklahoma # 1 sand, purged with nitrogen (7 psi) thenevacuated with vacuum. Nitrogen purging and subsequent vacuum evacuationwas repeated twice. About 80 mL of Nowata crude in about 93.2 mL waterwas added to the column until the sand was completely saturated withhydrocarbons. The sand pack had a pore volume of about 93.68 mL, aporosity of about 32%, an absolute permeability to water of about 1.4darcy, saturation of 1.03% and an effective permeability to hydrocarbonsof about 1.6 darcy. About 104 mL of Nowata produced water (brine fromNowata Oil Field, Oklahoma) was delivered vertically from the bottom ofthe column to the top of the column to waterflood the sand pack (e.g.,remove hydrocarbons from the sand pack). The produced water flow rateduring waterflooding was lower than during the water saturation period.Waterflood flow rate was about 9.5 m/d (darcy velocity).

About 55 mL of hydrocarbons was collected during the waterflood.Residual hydrocarbon saturation was determined to be between about 27volume % and effective permeability to water was about 1.00 darcy.

A pre-polymer solution (0.05 PV) was delivered vertically from thebottom of the column to the top of the column at about 0.1 wt. %concentration. A 0.2 PV solution (214 mL) of 0.1 wt. % composition #3and 0.1 wt. % polymer was delivered vertically from the bottom of thecolumn to the top of the column.

After the composition # 3/polymer flood, 0.5 PV amount of polymer wasdelivered vertically from the bottom of the column to the top of thecolumn to control mobility of the hydrocarbons. Flow rate ofhydrocarbons through the column and volume of recovered hydrocarbonswere monitored during all stages of the test. An average flow rate of0.025 mL/sec was determined during the composition #3/polymer flood.Total volume of hydrocarbons recovered from the sand was about 13.6 mL.Total volume efficiency was calculated to be about 54%. A post-polishingstep was performed by delivering vertically from the bottom of thecolumn to the top of the column 1.25 PV of a brine solution.

Results of the composition/polymer floods are depicted graphically inFIG. 5. At a lower concentration, composition #3 increases residualhydrocarbons production over composition #1 and composition #2 by morethan 65% and 39%, respectively.

In this patent, certain U.S. patents, U.S. patent applications and othermaterials (e.g., articles) have been incorporated by reference. The textof such U.S. patents, U.S. patent applications and other materials is,however, only incorporated by reference to the extent that no conflictexists between such text and the other statements and drawings set forthherein. In the event of such conflict, then any such conflicting text insuch incorporated by reference U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationsand other materials is specifically not incorporated by reference inthis patent.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects ofthe invention may be apparent to those skilled in the art in view ofthis description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed asillustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled inthe art the general manner of carrying out the invention. It is to beunderstood that the forms of the invention shown and described hereinare to be taken as the presently preferred embodiments. Elements andmaterials may be substituted for those illustrated and described herein,parts and processes may be reversed, and certain features of theinvention may be utilized independently, all as would be apparent to oneskilled in the art after having the benefit of this description to theinvention. Changes am be made in the elements described herein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in thefollowing claims. In addition, it is to be understood that featuresdescribed herein independently may, in certain embodiments, be combined.

1. A method of treating a hydrocarbon containing formation, comprising:providing a composition to at least a portion of the hydrocarboncontaining formation, wherein the composition comprises a branchedaliphatic anionic surfactant which is an acid salt of a primary alcoholhaving a branched aliphatic group with an average carbon number from 10to 24 and having an average number of branches per aliphatic group offrom about 0.7 to about 2.5 and wherein methyl groups represent fromabout 20 to about 99 percent of the total number of branches present inthe branched aliphatic group and a branched aliphatic nonionic additive;and allowing the composition to interact with hydrocarbons in thehydrocarbon containing formation. 2-3. (canceled)
 4. The method of claim1, wherein the branched aliphatic nonionic additive comprises an averagenumber of branches per aliphatic group ranging from about 0.7 to about2.5.
 5. (canceled)
 6. The method claim 1, wherein greater than about 50percent of the branches of the branched aliphatic anionic surfactant aremethyl groups. 7-8. (canceled)
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein greaterthan about 50 percent of the branches of the branched aliphatic nonionicadditive are methyl groups. 10-12. (canceled)
 13. The method of claim 1,wherein the branched aliphatic anionic surfactant has less than about0.5 percent aliphatic quaternary carbon atoms.
 14. The method of claim1, wherein the branched aliphatic nonionic additive has less than about0.5 percent aliphatic quaternary carbon atoms. 15-16. (canceled)
 17. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises greater than about40 wt. % of the branched aliphatic anionic surfactant.
 18. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the composition comprises less than about 60 wt. % ofthe branched aliphatic nonionic additive.
 19. The method of claim 1,wherein the aliphatic nonionic additive is a primary alcohol having abranched aliphatic group with an average carbon number from 10 to 24 andhaving an average number of branches per aliphatic group of from about0.7 to about 2.5 and wherein methyl branches represent from about 20 toabout 99 percent of the total number of branches present in the branchedaliphatic group. 20-32. (canceled)
 33. The method of claim 1, whereinthe branched aliphatic portion of the aliphatic nonionic additive has anidentical chemical structure as the aliphatic portion of the branchedaliphatic anionic surfactant.
 34. The method of claim 1, wherein thebranched aliphatic anionic surfactant has the general structure(R—Y)_(n)M, where R is a branched long chain aliphatic group, Y is OSO₃⁻ or OPO₃,⁻ M is a metal ion, and n is a number depending on the valencyof M, such that the total electrical charge of the composition is zero.35. A method of treating a hydrocarbon containing formation, comprising:providing a composition to at least a portion of the hydrocarboncontaining formation, wherein the composition comprises a branchedaliphatic anionic surfactant and a branched aliphatic nonionic additivewhich is a primary alcohol having a branched aliphatic group with anaverage carbon number from 10 to 24 and having an average number ofbranches per aliphatic group of from about 0.7 to about 2.5 and whereinmethyl branches represent from about 20 to about 99 percent of the totalnumber of branches present in the branched aliphatic group; and allowingthe composition to interact with hydrocarbons in the hydrocarboncontaining formation. 36-37. (canceled)
 38. The method of claim 35,wherein branched aliphatic anionic surfactant comprises an averagenumber of branches per aliphatic group ranging from about 0.7 to about2.5.
 39. (canceled)
 40. The method of claim 35, wherein greater thanabout 50 percent of the branches of the branched aliphatic nonionicadditive are methyl groups. 41-42. (canceled)
 43. The method of claim35, wherein greater than about 50 percent of the branches of thebranched aliphatic anionic surfactant are methyl groups. 44-46.(canceled)
 47. The method of claim 35, wherein of the branched aliphaticnonionic additive has less than about 0.5 percent aliphatic quaternarycarbon atoms.
 48. The method of claim 35, wherein the branched aliphaticanionic surfactant has less than about 0.5 percent aliphatic quaternarycarbon atoms. 49-50. (canceled)
 51. The method of claim 35, wherein thecomposition comprises greater than about 40 wt. % of the branchedaliphatic anionic surfactant.
 52. The method of claim 35, wherein thecomposition comprises less than about 60 wt. % of the branched aliphaticnonionic additive. 53-186. (canceled)
 187. The method of claim 35,wherein the branched aliphatic anionic surfactant is an acid salt of aprimary alcohol having a branched aliphatic group with an average carbonnumber from 10 to 24 and having an average number of branches peraliphatic group of from about 0.7 to about 2.5 and wherein methylbranches represent from about 20 to about 99 percent of the total numberof branches present in the branched aliphatic group.
 188. A method oftreating a hydrocarbon containing formation, comprising: providing acomposition to at least a portion of the hydrocarbon containingformation, wherein the composition comprises an aliphatic anionicsurfactant and a branched aliphatic nonionic additive which is a primaryalcohol having a branched aliphatic group with an average carbon numberfrom 10 to 24 and having an average number of branches per aliphaticgroup of from about 0.7 to about 2.5 and wherein methyl branchesrepresent from about 20 to about 99 percent of the total number ofbranches present in the branched aliphatic group; and allowing thecomposition to interact with hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon containingformation.
 189. The method of claim 188, wherein greater than about 50percent of the branches of the branched aliphatic nonionic additive aremethyl groups.
 190. The method of claim 188, wherein the branchedaliphatic group of the branched aliphatic nonionic additive has lessthan about 0.5 percent aliphatic quaternary carbon atoms.
 191. Themethod of claim 188, wherein the composition comprises greater thanabout 40 percent of the branched aliphatic anionic surfactant.
 192. Themethod of claim 188, wherein the composition comprises less than about60 wt. % of the branched aliphatic nonionic additive.
 193. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the aliphatic anionic surfactant has the generalstructure (R—Y)_(n)M, wherein R is a long chain aliphatic group, Y isOSO₃ ⁻ or PO₃ ⁻, M is a metal ion, and n is number depending on thevalency of M, such that the total electrical charge of the compositionis 0.